June 20, 2024
Moore v. United States, No. 22-800 – Decided June 20, 2024
Today, in a case widely seen as a test of Congress’s ability to enact wealth taxes, the Supreme Court held narrowly that Congress did not violate the Sixteenth Amendment by requiring U.S. shareholders to pay a one-time tax on undistributed corporate earnings of controlled foreign corporations.
“[T]he precise and narrow question that the Court addresses today is whether Congress may attribute an entity’s realized and undistributed income to the entity’s shareholders or partners, and then tax the shareholders or partners on their portions of that income. This Court’s longstanding precedents, reflected in and reinforced by Congress’s longstanding practice, establish that the answer is yes.”
Justice Kavanaugh, writing for the Court
Background:
The 2017 tax law commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act changed the taxation of corporations’ foreign earnings from what was largely a deferral system to what is now largely a current-inclusion system. As part of the transition to the new system, Congress enacted a one-time “mandatory repatriation tax” on U.S. shareholders that owned at least 10% of controlled foreign corporations. The tax deemed the corporations’ retained earnings going back to 1986 as 2017 income for their U.S. shareholders in proportion to the shareholders’ ownership stakes as of 2017. This tax was imposed, at reduced rates, regardless of whether the shareholders themselves had realized any income from the corporation through dividends or other payments.
Charles and Kathleen Moore were minority shareholders in an Indian company. The Moores incurred a $15,000 tax liability under the mandatory repatriation tax, despite having received no dividends or payments from the company. They paid the tax and sued for a refund, claiming that the mandatory repatriation tax violated the Sixteenth Amendment because it was not a tax on income and therefore had to be apportioned among the states according to population to pass constitutional muster. See U.S. Const., art. I, § 2, cl. 3; id. § 9, cl. 4. The District Court and Ninth Circuit disagreed, holding that the mandatory repatriation tax is a tax on income and that the Sixteenth Amendment permits taxing income that has not been realized.
Issue:
Does the mandatory repatriation tax violate the Sixteenth Amendment because it is not a “tax[] on incomes, from whatever source derived,” but instead is a direct tax that must be apportioned?
Court’s Holding:
No. The mandatory repatriation tax does not violate the Sixteenth Amendment because Congress could properly attribute the corporation’s undistributed income to its U.S. shareholders holding a 10% or greater ownership stake.
What It Means:
Gibson Dunn represented the Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council as Amicus Supporting Neither Party.
The Court’s opinion is available here.
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This alert was prepared by associates Tessa Gellerson and Zachary Tyree.
*Anne Devereaux, of counsel in the firm’s Los Angeles office, is admitted to practice in Washington, D.C.
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